In air-saturated bath Ringer solution, O 2 levels in the fourth ventricle and adjacent, functionally intact hindbrain were close to zero. We measured O 2 concentrations in the hindbrain in relation to the spike discharge of the superior oblique eye muscle-innervating trochlear nerve as proxy for central nervous activity. We used isolated preparations of Xenopus laevis tadpoles to perform a quantitative analysis of O 2 levels in the brain under in vivo-like conditions. Measurements of O 2 consumption have been used to estimate the cost of neuronal activity however, exploring these metabolic relationships in vivo and under defined experimental conditions has been limited by technical challenges. Therefore, O 2 levels in the brain are a critical parameter that influences neuronal function. The most efficient metabolic process to provide large amounts of energy equivalents is oxidative phosphorylation and thus dependent on O 2 consumption. Neuronal computations related to sensory and motor activity along with the maintenance of spike discharge, synaptic transmission, and associated housekeeping are energetically demanding.
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